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<languages/>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==Main views==
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The operating system '''ETHOS™''' allows users to fully customize the Main views. By default, only basic information (see below) is displayed. You can easily edit or add custom widgets. You can set up to 8 Main views. The Main views have the same top and bottom bars. However, you can set the main view to fullscreen. Customization details are in the '''Configure screens''' section.
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If you have any questions about the V20 transmitter and its operation, please contact the technical and service staff at KAVAN Europe s.r.o. by e-mail ('''info@kavanrc.com''' for general technical information, '''service@kavanrc.com''' for service) or by phone ('''+420 466 260 133''' for general technical information, '''+420 463 358 700''' for service), during working hours 8 am–4 pm CET, Monday to Friday).
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===Top bar===
The top bar shows the name of the model and set flight mode (if configured). The icons on the right show the general overview of the transmitter parameters:
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* Data logging status
* Trainer mode icon
* RSSI 2.4G (FSK and Lora)
* Speaker volume
* Transmitter battery status
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Touching the speaker and battery icons will bring up the relevant '''General''' ('''Audio''' etc.) and '''Battery''' control panels.
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===Bottom bar===
The bottom bar has four tabs for accessing the advanced functions, i.e. '''Home''', '''Model Setup''', '''Configure Screens''', and '''System Setup'''. The system time is displayed on the right. Touching the time will open the '''Date & Time''' settings.
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===Widgets===
The middle area of the Main Views consists of widgets which may be configured to display images, timers, telemetry data, radio values etc. The default main screen has a widget on the left for a model image and three widgets for timers, as well as displaying the trims and pots. The widgets are user-configurable to display other information. Once multiple screens have been configured, they can be accessed using a touch swipe gesture or navigation controls.
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Please refer to the Configure Screens section for more details.
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==User interface and navigation==
The V20 transmitter has a touchscreen display, making the user interface very intuitive and simple to control. Touching the
'''Model Setup''' (Aircraft icon), '''Configure Screens''' (Multiple Screens icon), and '''System Setup''' (Gear icon) tabs to go directly to these functions. See the following sections of the manual for their description. They can also be accessed using the '''[MODEL]''', '''[DISPLAY]''', and '''[SYSTEM]''' buttons.
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* Press and hold the '''[BACK]''' key to return to the home screen from any submenu.
* Press system time on the right side of the bottom bar to access the '''Date and time''' settings section.
* Press the speaker or battery icon in the top bar to bring up the respective '''Sound and Vibration''' or '''Battery''' control panels.
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===Reset menu===
Long press the '''[ENT]''' button to display the Reset menu, where you can reset telemetry, timers, or both by selecting "Reset Flight". After pressing "Reset Flight", the pre-flight checks will be performed.
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===Editing controls===
====Virtual keyboard====
A touch-sensitive keyboard is available for typing into text fields.
 
* Press any text field (or press the '''[ENT]''' button) to bring up the keyboard.
* Press the '''?123''' or '''abc''' button to switch between the conventional and numeric keypad.
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===Number values===
When a numeric value is pressed, a dialogue box appears with buttons to set the value to the lowest (Min), default (Default) or highest (Max) value, as well as "plus" and "minus" buttons to increase or decrease the value precisely. Additionally, a slider across the bottom allows you to adjust the output of the one-click rotary encoder to a range from 1:1 to fine on the left and coarse on the right. The slider value can be set by rotating the multifunctional knob while holding it pressed.
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=== Advanced options ===
ETHOS™ has an extensive range of advanced settings. For most numeric fields, long press the '''[ENTER]''' button to display the Advanced options menu.
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Open the Advanced options field by the hidden menu (hamburger) symbol in the upper left corner of the field.
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==== Value options ====
The '''Value options''' dialogue displays the parameter you are currently setting. For example, you can set the Rates value to minimum, maximum, or specify a source (such as a potentiometer). By designating a potentiometer as the source, you can control the value of the parameter on the fly by turning the potentiometer.
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If you click on a value field that has already been changed to "Source", a dialogue will appear allowing you to convert the current source value to a fixed value. Press "Options" to display the options for setting the source:
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===== Invert =====
The Invert function allows you to negate/invert a source, like a switch position. For example, instead of the SA switch being active in the "Up" position, it will be active in the "Down" position.
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===== Edge =====
You can select the Edge option if you require a one-time action when a source goes from False to True or from True to False. The action is only triggered by the change of states, not by the True or False state.
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===== Ignore trainer input =====
For logical switch sources, this option can be set to ignore sources coming from the input of the student's transmitter. A typical use case is when a logical switch is configured to detect the movement of the teacher's transmitter sticks (e.g., the elevator control) to allow immediate action if something goes wrong. This option is needed to prevent the logic switch from being triggered by the student's stick inputs.
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===== Sensor options =====
In the Telemetry source settings dialogue box, you can find the Invert, Maximum and Minimum values. Some sensors also offer other specific settings.
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== USB connection modes ==
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=== Power OFF mode ===
Connecting the transmitter while powered OFF to a PC via a USB cable is the DFU (Device Firmware Update) mode for flashing the bootloader.
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=== Bootloader mode ===
The transmitter is placed in the bootloader mode by switching on the radio with the '''[ENTER]''' key held down. The status message "Bootloader" will pop up on the screen.
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The transmitter can then be connected to a PC via a USB data cable. The status message will change to ‘USB Plugged’, and the PC should display two external drives connected. The first is for the V20 flash memory, and the second is the content of the MicroSD card.
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This mode is used for reading and writing files on SD card and/or the V20 flash memory.
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=== Power ON mode ===
If the transmitter is switched on adn connected to the computer via the USB data cable, a dialogue box with the following options will appear:
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* '''Joystick''': in this mode the transmitter can be configured to control RC simulators.
* '''ETHOS Suite''': in this mode, the transmitter is in "ETHOS Mode" to communicate with the ETHOS Suite. For information on Ethos mode, please refer to the Ethos Suite section.
* '''Serial''': In this mode, Lua debug traces, if present, are sent via USB. The baud rate is 115200 bps. A suitable Windows virtual COM port driver is STSW-STM32102.
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== Emergency mode ==
Emergency mode is the transmitter's response to an unexpected event, such as a watchdog timer interrupt. A watchdog is a timer that is constantly restarted by various parts of the ETHOS system. If a malfunction of any kind prevents the watchdog timer from restarting, it will time out and a hardware reset of the transmitter will occur. In the emergency mode, the transmitter reboots extremely quickly, without any of the normal startup checks, to regain control of the model as quickly as possible. There is no access to the microSD card in safe mode.
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Safe mode provides only the basic functions to control the model. The screen will turn OFF and the Emergency Mode message will be displayed accompanied by a 300ms beep repeated every 3 seconds. Voice alerts, script execution, logging, etc. will stop working. When the Emergency Mode is activated, immediately land/stop your model.
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The most common cause of emergency mode triggering is a MicroSD card failure.
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== System setup ==
System setup is used to configure the hardware parts of the transmitter system that are common to all models. The settings can be accessed by selecting the Devices tab at the bottom of the screen.
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Note that the setting that determines whether to use an internal or external RF module is model specific and is therefore set in the "RF System" section of the model settings.
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=== Overview ===
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==== File manager ====
Manage files and access the flash firmware to the TW-ISRM, external S.Port, OTA and external modules.
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==== Alerts ====
Configure alerts for silent mode, battery status, and idle status.
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==== Date and time ====
Configure the system time and display options.
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==== General ====
Configure menu style, system language, and LCD display attributes such as brightness and backlight, as well as Audio, Vario, and Haptics sound modes.
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==== Battery ====
Configure battery management settings.
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==== Hardware ====
Check the hardware physical input devices and calibrating analogue devices and gyroscopes. Also allows changing switch type definitions.
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==== Sticks ====
Set the mode and default channel order. The 4 control channels can also be renamed.
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==== Wireless ====
Configure the Bluetooth module.
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==== Info ====
System information about firmware version, gimbal type and RF modules.
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=== File manager ===
The File Manager is for managing files and access to flash firmware to the TW-ISRM, external S.Port, OTA and external modules.
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Note: When updating the system firmware, the files in the flash drive and SD card may also need updating.
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==== audio/ ====
USB drive path: (MicroSD drive letter)/audio/
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This folder is for user audio files that can be played using the special "Play track" function. See '''Model''' / '''Special Functions'''. The format should be 16kHz or 32kHz PCM linear 16bit or alaw (EU) 8bit or mulaw (US) 8bit.
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==== audio/en/system ====
USB drive path: (MicroSD drive letter)/audio/en/system
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This folder is for system audio files:
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* hello.wav - Welcome greeting "Welcome to ETHOS"
* bye.wav - Goodbye is not included by default for now, but you can add your own, in .wav format.
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Press '''[audio]''' to view the contents of the folder. Press the .wav file and select Play to listen to it. Files can also be copied, moved, or deleted.
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==== bitmaps/models/ ====
USB drive path: (MicroSD drive letter)/bitmaps/models/ (before Ethos 1.2.6 this folder was bitmaps/user)
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This folder is for images of user models. The recommended image format for reducing the computational load of the V20 embedded microcontroller is:
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* 32-bit BMP format with a size of 300×280 px
* 8 bits per color channel
* Alpha channel (transparency)
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Rules for naming image files:
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* Use only the characters A–Z, a–z, 0–9, ( ) ! - _ @ # ; [ ] + = and space.
* The name must not contain more than 11 characters plus 4 characters for the file name extension. If the name is longer than 11 characters, it will appear in the SD Card File Manager, but will not appear in the model image selection interface.
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==== Image conversion tools ====
There are several useful image conversion tools available:
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* Windows-based - <nowiki>https://github.com/Ceeb182/ConvertToETHOSBMPformat</nowiki> (this tool also applies file naming rules)
* Web-based - <nowiki>https://ethosbmp.hobby4life.nl/</nowiki>
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==== Firmware ====
Here you can find firmware updates for the internal V20 TW-ISRM RF module, external modules and other devices such as receivers etc. From here, they can then be flashed via the external S.Port on the transmitter or wirelessly via OTA (Over The Air). The new firmware needs to be copied to the '''Firmware''' folder after putting the V20 into Bootloader mode and connecting to a PC via the USB.
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Press the '''Firmware''' folder to view the firmware files copied into this folder. Then press the '''Flash''' option in the pop-up dialogue.
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Files can also be copied, moved or deleted.
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==== Logs ====
Data logs are stored here.
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USB drive path: (MicroSD drive letter)/Logs/models/
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This is where the model files are stored. These files cannot be edited by the user, but can be backed up or shared from here. It uses the model names. For example, a model named "Swift" will have the file name "Swift.bin". If there is more than one "Swift" model, the others will be named "Swift01.bin" and so on.
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When editing model names on the Edit Model screen, the model file name (.bin) will also change. The model file name will be listed in all lower case (the actual model name with upper and lower case characters is stored inside the bin). Not all characters are supported for the bin name of the model file, so it may not exactly match the model name.
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USB drive path: (drive letter)/models/
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There are subfolders for each user-created model category folder.
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==== screenshots/ ====
USB drive path: (MicroSD drive letter)/screenshots/
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This is where screenshots taken with the '''Screenshot''' feature are stored. See '''Model''' / '''Special Features'''.
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==== scripts/ ====
USB drive path: (MicroSD drive letter)/scripts/
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Lua scripts are stored here. The scripts can be organized into individual folders.
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 '''Caution:''' Lua scripts increase the start time of the transmitter. If they are implemented correctly, the delay shouldn't be noticeable, but if not, the delay may be very significant, at worst indefinite.
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===== Scripts for external modules =====
Each third-party external module has its own Lua file and should be stored in its own folder.
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* scripts/multi
* scripts/elrs
* scripts/ghost
* scripts/crossfire
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==== radio.bin ====
USB drive path: (MicroSD drive letter)/radio.bin
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USB drive path: (MicroSD drive letter)/firmware.bin
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This file is created by the V20 when it is first used. It stores the  system settings. It should be backed up with the '''models''' folder before upgrading the firmware so that a downgrade to an older version can be performed if necessary.
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When updating the transmitter firmware, the '''firmware.bin''' file should be stored in the root folder of the MicroSD card. Once the new '''firmware.bin''' file is saved, the update will be automatically uploaded to the V20 when it is disconnected from the computer.
 '''''Note:''' it may also be necessary to update the contents of the SD card and the radio's flash drive at the same time.''
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=== Alerts ===
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==== Silent mode ====
At startup, a silent mode alert is displayed when the silent mode check is enabled and the sound is set to '''Silent Mode''' in '''System'''/'''General''' settings.
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==== Main voltage ====
If the main battery voltage check is turned on and the transmitter battery voltage is below the threshold set in "'''Low Voltage'''" in '''System'''/'''Battery''', the message "'''Radio battery is low'''" is displayed.
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==== RTC voltage ====
RTC battery is providing the energy for the internal Real Time Clock circuit. The "'''RTC Battery is Low'''" message is displayed when the RTC battery voltage check is enabled and the RTC button battery is below 2.5 V, the default RTC battery threshold. It can be turned OFF until the RTC battery is replaced, but should not be turned OFF indefinitely. Real time is used in data logging and invalid time will cause difficulty in reading the logs, especially in distinguishing flight sessions.
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==== Sensor conflict warning ====
Sensor conflict detection can be disabled. This should only be necessary if you have sensors that do not meet the S.Port specification.
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==== Inactivity ====
If the radio is not in use for more than a period of "inactivity", a voice alert "'''No activity for a long time'''" will be displayed, as well as a haptic alert if the speaker volume is low. The default value is 10 minutes.
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=== Date and time ===
The Date and Time settings are:
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==== 24 hour time ====
The clock is displayed in 24-hour format when switched on.
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==== Display seconds ====
The clock will display seconds if enabled.
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==== Date ====
Set the current date for use in logs.
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==== Time ====
Set the current time for use in logs.
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==== Time zone ====
Allows configuration of the user's time zone.
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==== Adjust RTC speed ====
The real time clock can be calibrated to compensate for any clock drift, up to 41 seconds per day.
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To calibrate, determine how many seconds your clock gains or loses in 24 hours. Set the calibration value to twelve times this number of seconds, so it will be negative if your clock is running faster, and positive if it is running slower. You can then check to see if your clock is accurate and adjust the calibration value slightly for maximum accuracy. The actual calibration value can be set to -500 to +500.
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==== Auto adjust from GPS ====
When enabled, the time and date will be automatically set from remote GPS sensor data.
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=== General ===
The following can be configured here:
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* The language of the ETHOS user interface and audio
* LCD screen attributes
* Audio modes and volume
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==== Language ====
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===== User interface =====
The following languages are supported for the display menus:
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* English
* German
* Czech
* Spanish
* French
* Chinese
* Hebrew
* Italian
* Dutch
* Norway
* Polish
* Portuguese
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===== Audio =====
Ensure that you have installed the corresponding voice pack in your SD card to ensure the appropriate voice output.
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===== Keyboard =====
Allows selection between QWERTY, QWERTZ and AZERTY virtual keyboard layouts.
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==== Display attributes ====
The LCD Display attributes can be configured here:
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===== Brightness =====
Use the slider to control the screen brightness, from left to right to set brightness from dark to bright. Long press [ENT] brings up options to use a source, or set it to minimum or maximum.
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===== Pot option =====
Press „'''Use a source'''“ and select a potentiometer to use for controlling the brightness.
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===== Wake up =====
The screen backlight can be woken from the sleep state according to the settings:
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* '''Always on:''' the backlight is always on.
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* '''Sticks:''' the backlight turns on when sticks or buttons are operated.
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* '''Switches:''' the backlight turns on when switches or buttons are operated.
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* '''Gyro:''' the backlight turns on when you tilt the transmitter or when buttons are operated.
 '''Note:''' More than one option may be enabled.
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===== Sleep =====
Duration of the inactivity before the backlight turns OFF.
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===== Sleep mode brightness =====
Use the slider to control the screen brightness during sleep mode, from left to right to set brightness from dark to bright.
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===== Dark mode =====
Select light or dark user interface theme.
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===== Highlight colour =====
Select the highlights colour of the user interface. Default is yellow (#F8B038).
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==== Audio settings ====
The audio settings are:
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===== Main volume =====
Use the slider to control the audio volume. Long press '''[ENTER]''' allows a pot to be used. Beeps during adjustment assist in judging the volume.
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===== Audio mode =====
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* '''Silent:''' No audio. Note that there will be an Alert given at startup if the Silent Mode Check in '''System''' / '''Alerts''' is ON..
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* '''Alarms only:''' Only Alarms will be output on audio.
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* '''Default:''' Sounds are on.
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* '''Often:''' There will additionally be error beeps when attempting to exceed the maximum or minimum value on editable numbers.
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* '''Always:''' In addition to the sounds in 'Often', there will also be beeps when the menu is navigated.
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===== Vario =====
The audio characteristics of Vario tones can be configured here.
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* '''Volume:''' Relative tone volume of the vario.
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* '''Pitch zero:''' The pitch at zero climb rate.
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* '''Tón max:''' The pitch at maximum climb rate.
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* '''Repeat:''' Delay between beeps at Pitch zero.
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For more parameters of the Vario system, see '''Speed sensor''' in the '''Telemetry''' section.
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===== Haptic =====
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* '''Strength:''' Use the slider to control the strength of the vibrations.
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* '''Mode:''' Similar to the Audio mode above.
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==== Top toolbar ====
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===== Digital voltage =====
The charge status indicator can be changed from the default mode to display the digital value of the transmitter battery voltage.
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===== Digital RSSI =====
Similarly, the RSSI status can be changed from a bar display to a digital value.
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=== Battery ===
The Battery section is used to set the clock battery and transmitter battery alarm thresholds.
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==== Main voltage ====
This is the nominal voltage of the battery. The default value is 8.4 V for a charged 2S LiPo battery.
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==== Low voltage ====
This is the low threshold of the transmitter battery voltage at which the alarm will sound. The default value is 7.2 V.
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Varovná hláška „Baterie rádia je slabá“ se zobrazí, když je v nabídce '''Systém''' / '''Upozornění''' zapnuta kontrola hlavní baterie a napětí vysílačového akumulátoru je nižší než nastavená prahová hodnotoa.
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The warning message "Radio battery is low" is displayed when the Main Battery Check is active in the '''System''' / '''Alerts''' menu and the voltage of the transmitter battery is below the set threshold.
 '''''Caution:''''' ''If this warning appears, we recommend that you terminate the flight immediately and charge the transmitter battery!''
 
 ''If the voltage of the transmitter battery drops to 6.0 V, the transmitter will switch OFF without further warning to protect the transmitter battery (2S LiPo - 2×3.0 V) and you will not be able to operate the model!''
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==== Display voltage range ====
These settings set the range of the battery indicator in the top right corner of the screen. The default range limits for the LiPo battery are 6.4 and 8.4 V. Many pilots increase the lower limit to trigger the low transmitter battery voltage warning sooner to prevent battery over-discharge.
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If the battery is replaced with a different type, the limits must be set accordingly.
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==== RTC voltage ====
Displays the RTC (Real Time Clock) battery voltage in the transmitter. For a new battery, the voltage is 3.0 V, if the voltage is less than 2.7 V, replace the battery inside the radio to ensure proper clock operation. If the voltage drops below 2.5 V, an alert will be displayed, see section '''Alerts''' / '''RTC Battery Check'''.
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=== Hardware ===
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The Hardware section is used to test all inputs, perform analogue and gyro calibration and set switch types.
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==== Hardware check ====
The hardware check allows you to check the functionality of all inputs.
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==== Analogs calibration ====
The calibration of the analogue elements of the transmitter is done so that the transmitter knows exactly in which position the control element (gimbals, rotary and sliding potentiometers) is located. The calibration is always performed at the first start-up. It must be done when replacing the gimbals or any of the potentiometers.
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==== Gyro calibration ====
Calibration of the gyro must be performed to ensure that the gyro sensor outputs respond correctly to the transmitter tilt. This is done automatically on first start-up. For example, the transmitter position "horizontal" is the angle at which you normally hold the radio.
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==== Analogs filter ====
This setting can be used to enable/disable the analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) filter. The default value is ON. This may improve a possible small inaccuracy around the centre position of the gimbal. This is a global setting on this Hardware page. In the '''Edit Model''' section, there is a model-specific option in the '''Analogs Filter''' setting.
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==== Pots/sliders settings ====
The pots and sliders can be given custom names here.
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==== Switches settings ====
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===== Switch middle detect delay =====
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This setting ensures that the switch middle position on three way switches is not detected when the switch is flipped from the up to the down position in one movement, and vice versa. It should only be detected when the switch stops in the middle position. The default has been changed to 0ms to suit the FrSky stabilized receivers when detecting '''Self Check''' on CH12.
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Switches SA to SJ may be defined as:
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* None
* Momentary
* 2-position
* 3-position
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This allows for switches to be swapped over, for example the momentary switch SH could be swapped over with the 2 position switch SF. Note that it may not be possible to replace a momentary or 2 position with a 3 position switch if the radio wiring does not allow for it.
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Switches may also be renamed from the default names SA through SJ to custom names. Note that these names will be global across all models.
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==== Home Keymap ====
Buttons '''[SYSTEM]''', '''[MODEL]''' and '''[DISPLAY]''' can be re-assigned to suit the user.
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===== [SYSTEM] and [MODEL] buttons =====
For the '''[SYSTEM]''' and '''[MODEL]''' buttons only the long-press options may be re-assigned to any '''Model''' or '''System''' page or the Configure Screens page. A short press calls either the '''System''' or '''Model''' section respectively.
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===== [DISPLAY] button =====
For the '''[DISPLAY]''' key both short and long press options may be re-assigned to any '''Model''' or '''System''' page or the '''Configure Screens''' page.
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==== ADC value inspector ====
Shows the analogue to digital conversion (ADC) values for the analog inputs read by the CPU.
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# Left gimbal horizontal
# Left gimbal vertical
# Right gimbal vertical
# Right gimbal horizontal
# Pot 1
# Pot 2
# Middle slider pot
# Left rotary slider pot
# Right rotary slider pot
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=== Sticks ===
Select your preferred stick mode. Mode 1 has throttle and aileron on the right stick, and elevator and rudder on the left. Mode 2 has throttle and rudder on the left stick, and aileron and elevator on the right.
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By default the sticks are named as listed above for the industry standard stick modes. They may be renamed as desired.
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==== Channel order ====
The Channel Order defines the order in which the four stick inputs are assigned to channels in the mixer when a new model is created by the wizards. The default order is '''AETR'''. If there are more than one of each type of surface, they will be grouped unless the first four channels are fixed, see below. For example, for 2 ailerons the channel order will be '''AAETR'''.
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==== First four channels fixed ====
When this option is enabled, then channel grouping will not occur on the first four channels. If the channel order is '''AETR''', then the wizard will create a model suited to the SRx stabilized receivers. For example, a model with 2 Ailerons, 1 Elevator, 1 Motor, 1 Rudder and 2 Flaps will be created with a channel order of '''AETRAFF'''. If this option is not enabled, the channel order would be '''AAETRFF'''.
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=== Wireless ===
Touch the '''Bluetooth Mode''' to bring up a dialog listing the Bluetooth options.
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==== Bluetooth mode ====
The V20 Bluetooth module can operate in telemetry or trainer modes.
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===== Telemety =====
In telemetry mode, the radio can work with the '''FrSky FreeLink''' app and display telemetry data on your mobile phone. The FreeLink app can also be used to configure other devices, e.g. stabilised receivers.
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===== Trainer =====
In Trainer mode, the radio can be operated in Master or Slave mode to achieve the Trainer function wirelessly. See the '''Model''' / '''Trainer''' section to configure the transmitter as Master or Slave for the currently selected model.
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===== Local name =====
This is the local Bluetooth name that appears on connected devices. The default name is '''FrSkyBT''', but it can be modified here.
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===== Local address =====
This is the local address of the Bluetooth module.
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===== Dist address =====
When a Bluetooth device is found and connected, the Bluetooth address of the remote device is displayed here.
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===== Search devices =====
The '''[SELECT]''' button of the device will be available when the Teacher/Pupil mode is in Teacher mode (see '''Model''' / '''Trainer''' section).
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Tap on '''Search Devices''' to put the radio into Bluetooth search mode.
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The found devices are displayed in a pop-up window asking you to select a device. Select the address of the Bluetooth transmitter to be used as a slave.
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=== Info ===
The Info page displays information about the system firmware, the type of gimbal, the firmware version of the internal module, the ACCESS receiver firmware, and information about the external module.
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==== Firmware ====
ETHOS firmware and type of the transmitter (V20).
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==== Firmware version ====
Current firmware version and type.
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==== Date ====
Date and time of the firmware version.
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==== Sticks ====
Installed version of Hall sensor gimbal driver. ADC is for analogue-digital converter.
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==== Internal module ====
Details of the internal RF module, including hardware and firmware versions.
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==== Receivers ====
Details of the bound receivers are listed after the internal module. If the redundant receiver is bound to the same slot as the main receiver, the display will show details of both receivers alternately.
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==== External module ====
Details of the external RF module (if fitted), including hardware and firmware version if ACCESS protocol is available.
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Multimodules aren't displayed.
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== Model setup ==
The Model setup menu is used to configure each model’s specific setup. It is accessed by selecting the Airplane tab along the bottom of the Home screen. Conversely, settings that are common to all models are performed in the '''System''' menu, which is accessed by selecting the Gear tab instead (please refer to the '''System''' section).
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=== Overview ===
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==== Model select ====
The '''Model Select''' option is used to create, select, add, clone, or delete models. It is also used to create and manage user-specific model category folders.
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==== Edit model ====
The '''Edit model''' option is used to edit the basic parameters for the model as set up by the wizard, and is mainly used to edit the model name or picture. It is also used to configure the function switches, which are model-specific.
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==== Flight modes ====
Flight modes allow models to be set up for switch selectable specific tasks or flight behaviour. For example, gliders may be set up to have flight modes such as Launch, Cruise, Speed and Thermal. Power planes may have flight modes for Normal flying, Take OFF and Landing. Helicopters have modes such as Normal for spool up and take OFF/landing, Idle Up 1 for aerobatic flying, and Idle Up 2 for 3D aerobatics etc.
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==== Mixer ====
The '''Mixer''' section is where the model’s control functions are configured. It allows any of the many sources of input to be combined as desired and mapped to any of the output channels. This section also allows the source to be conditioned by defining weights/rates and offsets, adding curves (eg Expo). The mix can be made subject to a switch and/or flight modes, and a slow function to be added.
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==== Outputs ====
The '''Outputs''' section is the interface between the setup "logic" and the real world with servos, linkages and control surfaces as well as actuators and transducers. In the Mixer we have set up what we want our different controls to do. This section allows these pure logical outputs to be adapted to the mechanical characteristics of the model. This is where we configure minimum and maximum throws, servo or channel reverse, and adjust the servo or channel center point using the PPM center adjustment, or add an offset using subtrim. We can also define a curve to correct any real world response issues. For example, a curve can be used to ensure that left and right flaps track accurately.
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==== Timers ====
Timers are used to set the three available timers.
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==== Trims ====
The '''Trims''' section allows you to set trim modes, disable trim, enable extended trim, or enable independent trim for each of the 4 trim switches.
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==== RF System ====
This section is used to configure the Owner Registration ID ('''RID'''), and the internal and/or external RF modules. This is also where receiver binding takes place, and receiver options are configured. The RID is an 8 character string that contains a unique random code, which can be changed if desired. This ID becomes the Owner Registration ID ('''UID''') when registering a receiver. Enter the same code in the Owner ID field of your other transmitters you want to use the Smart Share feature with them. This must be done before creating the model you want to use it on.
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==== Telemetry ====
Telemetry is used to transmit information from the model back to the transmitter. This information can be quite extensive and includes RSSI (receiver signal strength) and link quality, various voltages, currents and any other sensor outputs such as GPS position, altitude etc. Note that the telemetry screens are set as the main display in the '''Configure Screens''' section.
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==== Checklist ====
The Checklist section is used to define startup alerts for things like initial throttle position, whether failsafe is configured, pot and slider positions, and initial switch positions.
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==== Logical switches ====
Logic switches are user programmed virtual switches. They aren’t physical switches that you flip from one position to another, however they can be used as program triggers in the same way as any physical switch. They are turned ON and OFF by evaluating the conditions of the programming. They may use a variety of inputs such as physical switches, other logical switches, and other sources such as telemetry values, channel values, timer values, or Global Variables. They can even use values returned by a LUA model script.
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==== Special functions ====
This is where switches can be used to trigger special functions such as trainer mode, soundtrack playback, speech output of variables, data logging etc. '''Special Functions''' are used to configure model specific functions.
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==== Curves ====
Custom curves can be used in input formatting, in the mixers or in the outputs. There are 50 curves available, and can be of several types (between 2 and 21 point, with either fixed or user-definable x-coordinates). In the Mixer a typical application is using an Expo curve to soften the response around midstick. A curve may also be used to smooth a flap to elevator compensation mix so that the aircraft does not 'balloon up' when flaps are applied. In the Outputs a balancing curve may be used to ensure accurate tracking of the left and right flaps.
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==== Trainer ====
The '''Trainer''' section is used to set the radio as a Master or Slave in a trainer setup. The trainer link can be via Bluetooth or a cable.
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==== Device config ====
Device Config contains tools for configuring devices like sensors, receivers, the gas suite, servos and video transmitters.
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=== Model select ===
The '''Model Select''' option is accessed by selecting ‘Model select’ from the Model menu. It is used to Select the Current Model, Add a New Model, or Clone or Delete it.
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==== Managing model folders ====
ETHOS now allows you to create your own Model Folders to categorize and group your models. Typical Model Folder names may be Airplane, Glider, Heli, Quad, Warbird, Boat, Car, Template, Archive etc.
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Until you have created and organized your folders, Ethos will automatically create the '''[Uncategorized]''' folder. This happens when you upgrade to ETHOS version 1.1.0 alpha 17 or later, or when you copy a model from the net or a friend into the \Models folder on the MicroSD card. ETHOS will automatically delete the ‘Uncategorized’ folder when no longer needed.
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To create the first folder, tap '''[+]''' to the right of the '''[Uncategorized]''' label. Enter a name in the '''[Create Folder]''' dialog box and click '''[OK]'''. Folder names can have a maximum of 15 characters. Repeat the procedure for other categories. Note that these folders will appear as subfolders in the \Models folder on the SD card.
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The model category folders are sorted alphabetically, but the '''[Uncategorized]''' folder always appears last in the list.
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Tap the folder name to display a dialog box that allows you to rename or delete the folder. If there were models in the folder being deleted, Ethos will automatically place them in the '''[Uncategorized]''' folder.
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===== Moving models to another folder =====
To move the model to another folder, click the model icon and select '''[Change Folder]''' in the dialogue box. Tap the folder you want to move it to.
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===== Adding a new model =====
To create a new model, select the model category under which you want to create the model, and then click the '''[+]''' icon to start the model creation wizard. (You may need to create a Model Category first, see above.)
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Select the type of model you want to create and follow the instructions.
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There are wizards for:
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* Airplane
* Glider
* Helicopter
* Multirotor
* Other
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The wizards will help you with the basic settings for your model type. Note that model names can have a maximum of 15 characters.
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Please note that the elevator setting can be achieved by creating a new aircraft model with 2 ailerons and no tail surfaces and the elevator mixing will be created automatically. The default mix rates are 50%, giving a total of 100% if ailerons and elevator are used at the same time.
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The created model will appear in the user-defined model category folder that was active when you started the wizard, and will be sorted alphabetically within each group.
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For example, the Airplane wizard will help you with the basic setup of a fixed-wing model. It guides you through a series of steps to configure the basic model setup and allows you to select the number of engines/motors, ailerons, flaps, tail type (e.g. traditional with elevator and rudder or V-tail). Finally, it prompts you to name the model and optionally attach a picture of it. (For a worked example, see the '''Basic Fixed Wing Airplane''' section in the '''Programming Tutorials''' section).
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===== Selecting a model =====
Tap on ‘Model select’ to bring up a list of your models.
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===== Quick select =====
Long touch or long hold the '''[ENTER]''' key on the model icon to instantly switch to that model.
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===== Model management menu =====
Tap on a model to highlight it, then tap on it again to bring up the model management menu.
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Options in the model management menu:
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* Tap '''Set current model''' to set the highlighted model as the current model.
* You can clone the model to duplicate the model. Note that when you clone a model, ETHOS assigns a new receiver number to the clone. If you give it the old receiver number, it will work, no need to rebind it.
* Change the model folder.
* Alternatively, you can delete the model. Note that the Delete option only appears if the selected model is not the current model.
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=== Edit model ===
The '''Edit model''' option is used to edit the basic parameters for the model as set up by the wizard.
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==== Name, picture ====
The model can be renamed, or an image can be assigned or changed. When searching for an image, a thumbnail preview will be displayed to help you find the correct image.
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==== Model type ====
Changing the model type will cause all mixes to reset.
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==== Channel assignments ====
Changing the tailplane or swashplate type will cause all mixes to reset. For other channels, the number of assigned channels can be changed or unassigned.
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==== Function switches ====
The six Function Switches are available wherever the '''Active Condition''' parameters are found.
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===== Configuration =====
They may be configured as follows:
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Pressing any function switch will latch that switch ON. However, pressing a switch that is already ON a second time will turn it OFF, leaving all six function switches OFF.
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Pressing any function switch will latch that switch ON until a different function switch is pressed to latch the newly pressed switch ON.
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Breaks the 6 function switches into two groups of 3. Each group can have one switch ON.
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Breaks the 6 function switches into 6 latching switches. Each switch can be ON or OFF.
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* Momentary
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Breaks the 6 function switches into 6 momentary switches. Each switch is ON while depressed.
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* Persistent
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If enabled, this will cause the function switch to be in the same state when the radio is turned on or the model is reloaded.]
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==== Analogs filter ====
A model specific Analog to Digital Converter filter can be turned ON/OFF with this setting. This may improve jitter around stick centre. The default value is OFF in which case the global setting will be used.
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Note that there is a global setting on the '''Hardware''' page under '''Analogs Filter'''. This model specific setting will override the global setting.
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==== LUA sources ====
Lua Sources must be enabled if your model uses sources created in Lua. This will make them available as sources in the programming.
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==== Reset all mixes ====
Enabling '''Reset All Mixes''' will reset all the mixers.
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=== Flight modes ===
Flight modes bring incredible flexibility to a model setup, because they allow models to be set up for switch selectable specific tasks or flight behavior. For example, gliders may be set up to have switch selectable modes such as Launch, Cruise, Speed and Thermal. Power planes may have flight modes for Normal precision flying, Take OFF, and Landing with either half or full flaps deployed. Helicopters have modes such as Normal for spool up and take OFF/landing, Idle Up 1 for aerobatic flying, and Idle Up 2 for perhaps 3D.
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Flight modes remove much of the switching and trimming burden from the pilot.
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The great power of flight modes is that they support independent trims and mixer Variables, and can also be used to enable Mixer lines. Together, these features allow for great flexibility. Please refer to the Introduction to Flight Modes in the Tutorials section to see examples of these features applied.
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There are no default flight modes defined. Tap on the default flight mode, and select Edit if you wish to rename it, otherwise select Add to define a new flight mode. There may be up to 20 flight modes.
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==== Name ====
Allows the flight mode to be named.
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==== Active condition ====
When adding a flight mode the default active condition is inactive, i.e ‘---’. Flight modes may be controlled by switch or button positions, function switches, logic switches, a system event such as throttle cut or hold, or trim positions.
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Note that the default flight mode does not have an active condition parameter, because this is the flight mode that is always active when no other flight mode is active. The first flight mode that has its switch ON is the active one. Note that only one flight mode is active at a time.
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The active Flight Mode is shown in bold.
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==== Fade in/out ====
The times assigned for smooth transitions between flight modes. The example shows one second assigned to each.
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==== Trims ====
Displays the trim values.
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Trims can operate in two ways with respect to flight modes.
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* '''Independent per flight mode:''' With this option, the trim affects the active flight mode only. This option is normally used for the elevator trim, since the elevator trim required will typically vary for each flight mode due for example to differences in wing camber. In fact, this is often the main reason for implementing flight modes.
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* '''Shared across flight modes.:''' With this option, the trim value for the stick is shared across all flight modes. This is usually appropriate for aileron trim since this trim usually does not vary across flight modes.
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Please refer to the '''Trims''' section for more detail.
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Once programed the flight mode selections are displayed in the mixers. Up to 100 flight modes can be programmed. Like most functions in ETHOS the user can program descriptive text Flight Mode names such as Cruise, Speed, Thermal or Normal, Take OFF, Landing.
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Please note when adding a new flight mode to a model all mixes using flight modes must be checked for correct operation, because the new flight mode will by default be active in all mixes using flight modes. This is an issue for example when using a Lock mix to lock a specific channel in a specific FM.
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==== Flight mode management ====
Tap on a flight mode to bring up a menu which allows you to edit, copy trims, add a new flight mode or delete flight modes.
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You can use the 'Move' option to change the priority of a flight mode. The priority of flight modes is in ascending order, and the first one that has its switch ON is the active one.
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=== Mixer ===
The '''Mixer''' function forms the heart of the transmitter. This is where the model’s control functions are configured. The Mixer section allows any of the many sources of input to be combined as desired and mapped to any of the output channels. ETHOS has 100 mixer channels available for programming your model. Normally the lowest numbered channels will be assigned to the servos, because the channel numbers map directly to the channels in the receiver. The V20 Internal RF module has up to 24 output channels available.
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The upper mixer channels can be used as 'virtual channels' in more advanced programming, or as real channels by using multiple RF modules (Internal + External) and S.Bus. The channel order is a matter of personal preference or convention, or it may be dictated by the receiver.
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The source or input to a mix can be chosen from analog inputs such as the sticks, pots and sliders; the toggle switches or buttons; any defined logic switches; the trim switches; any defined channels; a gyro axis; a trainer channel; a timer; a telemetry sensor; a system value such as the main radio voltage or RTC battery voltage; or a ‘special’ value such as 'minimum', 'maximum' or 0.
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This section also allows the source to be conditioned by defining weights/rates and offsets, and adding curves (eg Expo). The mix can be made subject to a switch and/or flight modes, and a slow function can be added. (Note that Delays are implemented in the Logic Switches because they are related to switches.) The mixer includes contextual help information that dynamically changes as mixer options are touched. The first line shows the type of mixer used, such as ‘Aileron’, ‘Elevators’, or ‘Free Mix’ etc. Up to 120 mixer lines may be defined.
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If your model was created using one of the model creation wizards in the ‘Model select’ function in the System menu, the base mixer lines will be shown when you tap on the ‘Mixer’.
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In addition, the most common predefined mixes can be added as well as free mixes that are user configurable.
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There is one mix line for each control/mix and a graphic display for that mix. To edit a mixer line, touch the mixer and touch again for the popup menu, then select Edit. Other options are to add a new mix, to switch to the ‘View per Channel’ grouping view (described in a section lower down), to move the mixer line up or down, to clone a mix, or to delete a mix.
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Please note that inactive mixer lines are shown greyed out, to assist in debugging.
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The radio asks for confirmation before deleting a mix, in case of inadvertent selection.
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==== Aileron, elevator, rudder mixer ====
We will use the Ailerons as an example, but the Elevator and Rudder mixes are very similar.
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===== Name =====
Ailerons has been filled in as the default name, but it can be changed.
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===== Active condition =====
The default active condition is ‘Always On’, which is appropriate for Ailerons. It may be made conditional by choosing from switch or button positions, function switches, flight modes, logic switches, a system event such as throttle cut or hold, or trim positions.
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===== Flight modes =====
If any flight modes have been defined, the mix can be made conditional to one or more flight modes. Click on ‘Edit’ and check the boxes for the flight modes in which this mixer line must be active.
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===== Curve =====
A standard curve option is Expo, which by default has a value of 0, which means the response is linear (i.e. no curve). A positive value will soften the response around 0, while a negative value will sharpen the response. Any previously defined curve may also be selected. The mixer output will then modified by this curve. Alternatively, a new curve may be added. You can specify more than one curve, each with a condition. If more than one condition is true, the curve higher in the list prevails. Note that the curve is applied before the Rates.
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===== Rates =====
Multiple rates can be defined, subject to a switch position, function switch, logic switch, trim position or flight mode. A line is added for each rate. The default rate (i.e. first rates line) is active when none of the other rates are active. There is a small cross inside an arrow on the left of defined rates that can be used to delete a rates line. In the example above three rates have been set up on switch SB.
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===== Differential =====
On Ailerons differential (typically more up aileron travel than down) is utilized to reduce adverse yaw and to improve turning/ handling characteristics. A positive value will result in the ailerons having less downward travel, as can be seen in the graph above. (Default = '''0'''. Range '''-100''' to '''+100'''). On Elevator differential may be used for planes wanting less down than up elevator, typically in racing situations. Note that the Differential parameter is only present when you have more than one aileron channel.
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===== Channels count =====
Channel count defines how many Output channels are allocated. In this example two ailerons were configured in the model creation wizard.
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===== Output1, Output2 =====
The model creation wizard assigned channels 1 and 2 to the ailerons, because the default channel order in the System – Sticks menu was set to '''AETR''', i.e. ailerons, elevator, throttle, rudder. The default can be altered if required, but care must be exercised to assess any other impacts to making a change here. Note that long pressing '''[ENTER]''' on the selected output channel will take you directly to that page in the Outputs.
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==== Throttle mixer ====
The Throttle mixer has parameters for managing Throttle Cut and Throttle Hold. Throttle Cut features a throttle input safety interlock, while Throttle Hold has a simple ON/OFFfunction.
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===== Input =====
The source for the Throttle mix can be selected here. It defaults to the Throttle stick, but can be changed to an analog, switch, trim, channel, gyro axis, trainer channel, timer or special value.
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===== Throttle cut =====
Throttle Cut features a throttle input safety interlock which ensures that the engine or throttle only starts from a low throttle position.
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When combined with Low Position Trim (see below), it can be used for managing the throttle and idle settings on glow or gas powered models.
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'''Active condition:'''  The active condition may be chosen from switch or button positions, function switches, flight modes, logic switches or trim positions.
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'''Sticky:''' When Sticky is in the ON position, the throttle channel output will be switched to the Idle Output Value (default -100%) as soon as Throttle Cut becomes active. When Sticky is in the OFF position, once Throttle Cut becomes active, the throttle channel output will be switched to the Idle Output Value (default -100%) only when the throttle stick goes below the Trigger value (default -85%).
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'''Trigger Vvlue:''' The Trigger Value determines the value below which the throttle input triggers the throttle safety interlock. For safety, once the Throttle Cut becomes inactive, the throttle channel output will only leave the Idle Output Value if the throttle input has been below the Trigger Value. This ensures that the engine or motor only starts from a low throttle input value.
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===== Throttle hold =====
Throttle Hold provides a simple throttle hold function without the throttle input safety interlock of Throttle Cut above.
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'''Active condition:''' The active condition may be chosen from switch or button positions, function switches, flight modes, logic switches or trim positions.
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'''Value:''' Once the throttle hold function goes active, the Value setting will be output on the throttle channel. On electric powered models, the throttle hold value is normally (-100%).
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===== Flight modes =====
If any flight modes have been defined, the mix can be made conditional to one or more flight modes. Click on ‘Edit’ and check the boxes for the flight modes in which this mixer line must be active.
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===== Curve =====
A curve may be defined to modify the throttle channel output. Any previously defined curve may also be selected.
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===== Rates =====
Multiple rates can be defined, subject to a switch position, function switch, logic switch, trim position or flight mode. A line is added for each rate. The default rate (i.e. first rates line) is active when none of the other rates are active. There is a small cross inside an arrow on the left of defined rates that can be used to delete a rates line. In the example above three rates have been set up on switch SB.
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===== Low position trim =====
For glow and gas engines the '''Low position trim''' is used to adjust the idle speed. The idle speed can vary depending on the weather, etc., so having a way to adjust the idle speed without impacting the full throttle position is important. If 'Low position trim' is enabled, the throttle channel goes to an idle position of -75% when the throttle stick is at the low position (please refer to the channel bar display at the bottom of the screenshot above). The throttle trim lever can then be used to adjust the idle speed between -100% and -50%. Throttle Cut can then be configured to cut the engine with a switch.
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==== View per channel option (mixer grouping) ====
With complex mixes it can be difficult to see the effect of other mixer lines on a particular channel. The ‘View per Channel’ option is particularly useful in debugging your mixes, because all the mixes that affect the selected channel are grouped together.
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To see the effect of all mixes on the Elevator channel, tap on the Elevators mix, and select ‘View per Channel’ from the popup dialog.
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With this ‘View per Channel’ layout the contribution of the various mixes affecting a channel can be easily seen, because the value of each mixer line is shown in both graphical and numerical format.
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===== Managing the ‘View per channel’ display =====
'''a) Moving between channels in ‘View per Channel’'''
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Clicking on the summary line (highlighted above) will collapse the channel’s sub mixer lines.
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'''b) Switching back to table view'''
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Clicking on a sub mixer line instead, for example the line highlighted above, will bring up a popup dialog to allow editing the mixer line, switching to Table View, or to delete the mixer line.
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==== Predefined mixes ====
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===== Airplane library =====
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===== Free mix =====
The Mixer function can best be described by making use of a Free Mix, which we will add to the above mixes for illustration purposes. Tap on any Mixer line, and select ‘Add Mix’ from the popup menu to add a new mixer line.
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Select Free Mix from the list of available predefined mixes in the Mixer Library.
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Next the position for the new mixer line must be chosen.
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Tap on ‘Free Mix’ to bring up the edit sub-menu.
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Select Edit to open a new screen showing the detailed parameters for the ‘Free Mix’. The graph display on the right will display the mixer output, and the effect of any setting changes that are made.
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===== Name =====
A descriptive name can be entered for the Free Mix.
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===== Active condition =====
The default active condition is ‘Always On’. It may be made conditional by choosing from switch or button positions, function switches, flight modes, logic switches, a system event such as throttle cut or hold, or trim positions.
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===== Flight modes =====
If any flight modes have been defined, the mix can be made conditional to one or more flight modes. Click on ‘Edit’ and check the boxes for the flight modes in which this mixer line must be active.
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===== Source =====
The source or input to this mix can be chosen from:
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a) analog inputs such as the sticks, pots and sliders
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b) the toggle switches or buttons
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c) any defined logic switches
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d) the trim switches
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e) any defined channels
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g) trainer channel
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h) timer
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i) telemetry sensor
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j) system value (e.g. main radio voltage or RTC battery voltage)
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k) "special" value, i.e. minimum, maximum or 0
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The mixer line will take the value of the source at any instant as its input.
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===== Function type =====
The Function Type defines how the current mixer line interacts with the others on the same channel. There are three function types:
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The output of this mixer line will be added to any other mixer lines on the same output channel. Please note that Addition lines can be in any order (A+B+C = C+B+A).
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'''Multiply'''
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The output of this mixer line will be multiplied with the result of other mixer lines above it on the same output channel.
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'''Replace'''
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The output of this mixer line will replace the result of any other mixer lines on the same output channel.
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A channel which is "locked" will never be changed by any other mix while the locked mixer line is active. The combination of these operations allows the creation of complex mathematical operations.
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The combination of these operations allows the creation of complex mathematical operations.
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===== Curve =====
Curves are applied before the Weight.
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A standard curve option is Expo, which by default has a value of 0, which means the response is linear (i.e. no curve). A positive value will soften the response around 0, while a negative value will sharpen the response.
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Any previously defined curve may also be selected. The mixer output will then modified by this curve. Alternatively, a new curve may be added.
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With the Free Mix and some other mixes, you can specify more than one curve, each with a condition. If more than one condition is true, the curve higher in the list prevails.
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===== Offset =====
Offset will shift the mixer output up or down by the offset value entered here.
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Negative values are allowed.
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===== Weight up =====
The mixer output in the positive direction will be scaled by the weight value entered here. Negative values are allowed.
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===== Weight down =====
Similarly, the mixer output in the negative direction will be scaled by the weight value entered here.
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===== Slow up/down =====
Response of the output can be slowed down with regard to the input change. Slow could for example be used to slow retracts that are actuated by a normal proportional servo.
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The value is time in seconds that the output will take to cover the -100 to +100% range.
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===== Channels count =====
Channel count defines how many Output channels are allocated.
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===== Reverse =====
The output of this mixer line can be reversed or inverted by enabling this option. Please note that servo reversal should be done under Outputs. This option is for getting the logic of the mixing right.
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===== Output =====
Any channel can be selected to receive the output from this mixer line. If the Channels Count above is greater than one, then a channel must be configured for each Output.
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The VAR mix assigns a value (or a source) to a channel. Multiple weights may be specified, each associated with a condition such as a flight mode, logic switch or switch position.
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The Trim mix makes a control behave like a trim. It has separate Up and Down sources, and has the same trim modes as normal trims.
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'''Aileron, elevator, rudder'''
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Please refer to the detailed Aileron, Elevator, Rudder m i xer description above.
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'''Flaps'''
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The Flaps mix will mix an Input to one or more channels with individual Weights. It also offers Slow Up and Slow Down options.
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'''Throttle'''
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The Throttle mix is for motor control and includes Throttle Cut and Throttle Hold options. Please refer to the detailed Throttle mixer discussion above.
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'''Aileron to Flap'''
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This mix is commonly used on sailplanes so that the flaps move together with the ailerons to increase the model’s aileron response.
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'''Aileron to Rudder'''
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One of the most commonly used mixes for sailplanes, to help the model have more coordinated turns.
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'''Airbrake'''
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The Airbrake mix is similar to the Butterfly mix below, except that it is controlled by an ON-OFF active condition.
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'''Butterfly'''
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Butterfly or crow braking is used to control the rate of descent of an aircraft. The ailerons are set to go up a modest amount, while the flaps go down a large amount. This combination creates a lot of drag, and is very effective for braking and therefore ideal for controlling the landing approach. The input is normally set to a slider (or the throttle stick on a glider).
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Compensation is also needed on the elevator to avoid the glider ballooning up when crow is applied.
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'''Camber'''
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The Camber mix is functionally the same as the Butterfly mix, but is usually used to apply some camber to the wing surfaces to increase lift.
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'''Flap to elevator'''
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The Flap to elevator mix is useful for flap/camber/crow compensation, where a custom compensation curve is required.
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'''Elevator to camber'''
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Also known as Snap Flap, this mix adds camber to the wing as elevator is applied. This allows the wing to generate lift more efficiently when the plane is given pitch commands.
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'''Rudder to aileron'''
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This mix is used to counter rudder-induced yaw in knife-edge flight.
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'''Rudder to elevator'''
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This mix can help to improve knife-edge flight when there are coupling issues.
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The snap roll is an auto-rotation maneuver in a stalled condition. During a snap, one wing is stalled while the other is accelerated about the roll axis. This creates a sudden roll-rate acceleration that you cannot obtain by simply inputting aileron. To achieve this condition in a model, several inputs must be given, including elevator, rudder and aileron. For example, you can perform an inside left snap by programming the mix to simultaneously apply up-elevator, left rudder and left aileron for 1 to 2 seconds. Recover from the maneuver by neutralizing the sticks and immediately adding right rudder to correct your loss of heading.
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'''Throttle to elevator'''
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This mix allows elevator compensation for planes that change pitch on changing throttle.
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'''Throttle to rudder'''
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This mix will help the plane fly straight when at full throttle; it’s generally needed when flying a vertical up-line.
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This mix is great for soak testing servos. It includes a range setting, as well as Slow Up and Slow Down.
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'''Offset'''
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The Offset mix is used to add a fixed value to the mixer when an offset is required. A common application is for flaps, where the servo horn is offset in one direction in order to maximize the downward flap travel. This results in the flaps being in a half way down position at servo neutral. The Offset mix can then be used to bring the flaps up to the ‘surface neutral’ position when the flaps mixer output is zero.
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===== Glider library =====
'''Free mix'''
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Please refer to the Free Mix description under the Airplane Library section above.
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